HR practices, boredom, and leadership effects on workplace procrastination English
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Published:
Nov 30, 2025
Keywords:
Boredom, Developmental HR Practices, Employee Workplace Exploitative Leadership, Negative Emotions Procrastination, Self-Leadership
Section
Economy
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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the role of Developmental Human Resources Practices (DHRP) on Employee Workplace Procrastination (EWP) through Boredom at Work (BW) as a mediator, and to assess the influence of Exploitative Leadership (EL) and Self-Leadership (SL) as moderating variables. Using a census of 206 employees at the Bengkalis Correctional Institution (Dec 2024–Jan 2025), this study tests how Developmental Human Resource Practices (DHRP) shape Employee Workplace Procrastination (EWP) via Boredom at Work (BW), and whether Exploitative Leadership (EL) and Self-Leadership (SL) condition these links. A quantitative design with PLS-SEM was employed. DHRP significantly lowers BW yet shows a positive direct association with EWP; BW mediates the DHRP and EWP relationship. EL strengthens the impact of DHRP on BW, whereas SL does not moderate the BW and EWP path, suggesting limited buffering in highly standardized, low-autonomy settings. The findings advance work-design and self-regulation perspectives by incorporating negative affect into the boredom procrastination mechanism and by testing dual moderators in a public-sector corrections context using a full-population census. Managerially, competency-based DHRP, task enrichment/rotation, and safeguards against exploitative leadership can reduce boredom and improve productivity; strengthening DHRP can reduce procrastination overall directly and via lower BW. Future research should examine task autonomy and digital work-design features, explore serial mediation, and extend the setting across regions and public organizations
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Kristiani, D. . and Tanady, H. . (2025) “HR practices, boredom, and leadership effects on workplace procrastination: English”, Jurnal Mantik, 9(3), pp. 1001-1013. doi: 10.35335/mantik.v9i3.6748.
References
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Deng, T., Tang, C., & Lai, Y. (2024). Exploring the role of organizational developmental HR practices in enhancing employees’ commitment to organizational career: a multilevel investigation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 37(2), 340–355. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2023-0099
Harju, L., Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014). Job boredom and its correlates in 87 finnish organizations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(9), 911–918. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000248
Helen, P. R., & Veeramani, T. (2024). Negative Emotional Symptoms Determine Academic Procrastination Among School Students. THe International Journal of Indian Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.25215/1201.014
Houghton, J. D., Dawley, D., & DiLiello, T. C. (2012). the Abbreviated Self-Leadership Questionnaire (ASLQ): a More Concise Measure of Self-Leadership. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(2), 216–232. http://regentuniversityonline.com/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol7iss2/IJLS_Vol7Iss2_Houghton_pp216-232.pdf
Huang, S., Chen, W., & Chen, T. (2024). Interactive effects of trust in government information and perceived value on Chinese consumers’ actual purchasing behavior toward contaminated seafood. Heliyon, 10(18), e37597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37597
Iannattone, S., Mezzalira, S., Bottesi, G., Gatta, M., & Miscioscia, M. (2024). Emotion dysregulation and psychopathological symptoms in non-clinical adolescents: The mediating role of boredom and social media use. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 18(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00700-0
Jha, R., & Singh, S. (2023). Effect Of Procrastination On Work Load And Work Performance Among Working Individuals In India. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 11(5), 2320–2882. www.ijcrt.org
Jian, H., He, B., & Sun, X. (2024). The impact of developmental human resource practices on employee workplace procrastination: the moderating role of exploitative leadership and self-leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 72071049. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2023-0662
Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1264–1294. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0088
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2023). Empowering leadership improves employees’ positive psychological states to result in more favorable behaviors. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(10), 2002–2038. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2054281
Kuhnel, J., Bledow, R., & Feuerhahn, N. (2016). When do you procrastinate? Sleep quality and social sleep lag jointly predict self-regulatory failure at work. Journal OfOrganizational Behavior, 37, 983–1002.
Kuvaas, B. (2008). An exploration of how the employee-organization relationship affects the linkage between perception of developmental human resource practices and employee outcomes. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00710.x
Kyguoliene, A., & Ganusauskaite, ; Aurelija. (2017). Dimensions of Youth Self-Leadership: Measuring Skills, Behaviours and Cognitions. Economic Science for Rural Development, 46(46), 84–91.
Liu, Y., Wang, X., & Qin, H. (2024). When cool hospitality brand meets AI: exploring the matching effect of service agents and brand images on brand attitude. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(7), 2367–2384. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2023-0516
Neck, C. P., & Houghton, J. D. (2006). Two decades of self-leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 270–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610663097
Raffaelli, Q., Mills, C., & Christoff, K. (2018). The knowns and unknowns of boredom: a review of the literature. Experimental Brain Research, 236(9), 2451–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-4922-7
Schmid, E. A., Pircher Verdorfer, A., & Peus, C. (2019). Shedding Light on Leaders’ Self-Interest: Theory and Measurement of Exploitative Leadership. Journal of Management, 45(4), 1401–1433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317707810
Schott, C., & Fischer, C. (2023). How to turn workplace boredom into something positive. A theoretical framework of the ‘bright sides’ of boredom. Human Resource Management Review, 33(2), 100952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100952
Sommovigo, V., Tavolucci, S., Filosa, L., Rosa, V., Carnevali, L., Ottaviani, C., & Alessandri, G. (2023). Daily cortisol variations are predicted proximally by self-efficacy beliefs at work and indirectly by perceived self-regulatory abilities in managing negative emotions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 193(June), 112244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112244
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. PT Alfabet.
Teoh, A. N., Ooi, E. Y. E., & Chan, A. Y. (2021). Boredom affects sleep quality: The serial mediation effect of inattention and bedtime procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 171(September), 110460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110460
van Hooff, M. L. M., & van Hooft, E. A. J. (2014). Boredom at work: Proximal and distal consequences of affective work-related boredom. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036821
Verdorfer, A. P., Belschak, F., & Bobbio, A. (2024). Felt or Thought: Distinct Mechanisms Underlying Exploitative Leadership and Abusive Supervision. Journal of Business Ethics, 192(2), 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05543-5
Wang, Q., Kou, Z., Du, Y., Wang, K., & Xu, Y. (2022). Academic Procrastination and Negative Emotions Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating and Buffering Effects of Online-Shopping Addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(February), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789505
Wang, X., Zhang, R., Chen, Z., Zhou, F., & Feng, T. (2021). Neural basis underlying the relation between boredom proneness and procrastination: The role of functional coupling between precuneus/cuneus and posterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychologia, 161(2), 107994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107994
Zhu, Y., Liu, J., Wang, Q., Huang, J., Li, X., & Liu, J. (2023). Examining the Association Between Boredom Proneness and Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: A Sequential Mediation Model with Mobile Phone Addiction and Negative Emotions. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16(October), 4329–4340. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S431615
Barclay, L. J., & Kiefer, T. (2014). Approach or Avoid? Exploring Overall Justice and the Differential Effects of Positive and Negative Emotions. Journal of Management, 40(7), 1857–1898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312441833
Becerra, R., Preece, D. A., & Gross, J. J. (2020). Assessing beliefs about emotions: Development and validation of the emotion beliefs questionnaire. PLoS ONE, 15(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231395
Costa, G. G., Aleksic, D., & Bortoluzzi, G. (2021). The power of ?balance: interplay effects of exploitative leadership style, work–family balance and family-friendly workplace practices on innovation implementation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(5), 1266–1287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2020-0488
Deng, T., Tang, C., & Lai, Y. (2024). Exploring the role of organizational developmental HR practices in enhancing employees’ commitment to organizational career: a multilevel investigation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 37(2), 340–355. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2023-0099
Harju, L., Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014). Job boredom and its correlates in 87 finnish organizations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(9), 911–918. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000248
Helen, P. R., & Veeramani, T. (2024). Negative Emotional Symptoms Determine Academic Procrastination Among School Students. THe International Journal of Indian Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.25215/1201.014
Houghton, J. D., Dawley, D., & DiLiello, T. C. (2012). the Abbreviated Self-Leadership Questionnaire (ASLQ): a More Concise Measure of Self-Leadership. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(2), 216–232. http://regentuniversityonline.com/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol7iss2/IJLS_Vol7Iss2_Houghton_pp216-232.pdf
Huang, S., Chen, W., & Chen, T. (2024). Interactive effects of trust in government information and perceived value on Chinese consumers’ actual purchasing behavior toward contaminated seafood. Heliyon, 10(18), e37597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37597
Iannattone, S., Mezzalira, S., Bottesi, G., Gatta, M., & Miscioscia, M. (2024). Emotion dysregulation and psychopathological symptoms in non-clinical adolescents: The mediating role of boredom and social media use. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 18(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00700-0
Jha, R., & Singh, S. (2023). Effect Of Procrastination On Work Load And Work Performance Among Working Individuals In India. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 11(5), 2320–2882. www.ijcrt.org
Jian, H., He, B., & Sun, X. (2024). The impact of developmental human resource practices on employee workplace procrastination: the moderating role of exploitative leadership and self-leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 72071049. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2023-0662
Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1264–1294. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0088
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2023). Empowering leadership improves employees’ positive psychological states to result in more favorable behaviors. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(10), 2002–2038. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2054281
Kuhnel, J., Bledow, R., & Feuerhahn, N. (2016). When do you procrastinate? Sleep quality and social sleep lag jointly predict self-regulatory failure at work. Journal OfOrganizational Behavior, 37, 983–1002.
Kuvaas, B. (2008). An exploration of how the employee-organization relationship affects the linkage between perception of developmental human resource practices and employee outcomes. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00710.x
Kyguoliene, A., & Ganusauskaite, ; Aurelija. (2017). Dimensions of Youth Self-Leadership: Measuring Skills, Behaviours and Cognitions. Economic Science for Rural Development, 46(46), 84–91.
Liu, Y., Wang, X., & Qin, H. (2024). When cool hospitality brand meets AI: exploring the matching effect of service agents and brand images on brand attitude. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(7), 2367–2384. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2023-0516
Neck, C. P., & Houghton, J. D. (2006). Two decades of self-leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 270–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610663097
Raffaelli, Q., Mills, C., & Christoff, K. (2018). The knowns and unknowns of boredom: a review of the literature. Experimental Brain Research, 236(9), 2451–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-4922-7
Schmid, E. A., Pircher Verdorfer, A., & Peus, C. (2019). Shedding Light on Leaders’ Self-Interest: Theory and Measurement of Exploitative Leadership. Journal of Management, 45(4), 1401–1433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317707810
Schott, C., & Fischer, C. (2023). How to turn workplace boredom into something positive. A theoretical framework of the ‘bright sides’ of boredom. Human Resource Management Review, 33(2), 100952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100952
Sommovigo, V., Tavolucci, S., Filosa, L., Rosa, V., Carnevali, L., Ottaviani, C., & Alessandri, G. (2023). Daily cortisol variations are predicted proximally by self-efficacy beliefs at work and indirectly by perceived self-regulatory abilities in managing negative emotions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 193(June), 112244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112244
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. PT Alfabet.
Teoh, A. N., Ooi, E. Y. E., & Chan, A. Y. (2021). Boredom affects sleep quality: The serial mediation effect of inattention and bedtime procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 171(September), 110460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110460
van Hooff, M. L. M., & van Hooft, E. A. J. (2014). Boredom at work: Proximal and distal consequences of affective work-related boredom. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036821
Verdorfer, A. P., Belschak, F., & Bobbio, A. (2024). Felt or Thought: Distinct Mechanisms Underlying Exploitative Leadership and Abusive Supervision. Journal of Business Ethics, 192(2), 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05543-5
Wang, Q., Kou, Z., Du, Y., Wang, K., & Xu, Y. (2022). Academic Procrastination and Negative Emotions Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating and Buffering Effects of Online-Shopping Addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(February), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789505
Wang, X., Zhang, R., Chen, Z., Zhou, F., & Feng, T. (2021). Neural basis underlying the relation between boredom proneness and procrastination: The role of functional coupling between precuneus/cuneus and posterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychologia, 161(2), 107994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107994
Zhu, Y., Liu, J., Wang, Q., Huang, J., Li, X., & Liu, J. (2023). Examining the Association Between Boredom Proneness and Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: A Sequential Mediation Model with Mobile Phone Addiction and Negative Emotions. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16(October), 4329–4340. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S431615
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